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  • Roadmap (3) - Computer Network
    General/๐Ÿ•ธ Network 2021. 2. 4. 10:43

    How do packet delay and loss occur?

    " ํŒจํ‚ท ๋”œ๋ ˆ์ด์™€ ํŒจํ‚ท ๋กœ์Šค๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š”๊ฐ€? "

     

    ํŒจํ‚ท์ด ๋ผ์šฐํ„ฐ ๋ฒ„ํผ์— ๋“ค์–ด์˜จ ์ˆœ์„œ๋Œ€๋กœ ์Œ“์ด๊ณ , ์ „์†ก์ด ๋  ์ฐจ๋ก€๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

    ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ชฝ์˜ ๋งํฌ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์ด ๋“ค์–ด์˜ค๋Š” ์†๋„๋ณด๋‹ค (์ผ์‹œ์ ์œผ๋กœ) ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋ฉด, ํ์˜ ๊ธธ์ด๋Š” ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

     

    ๋ฒ„ํผ์˜ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์ด ๊ฐ€๋“์ฐฌ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ packet loss ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

     


     

    Packet delay: four sources

    " ํŒจํ‚ท ๋”œ๋ ˆ์ด์— ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ 4๊ฐ€์ง€ ์š”์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. "

    #queueing delay

     

     

    proc : nodal processing ( ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๊ณ ์ •์  )

      ๋น„ํŠธ ์—๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ์ฒดํฌ, ๋‚˜๊ฐˆ ๋งํฌ๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

     

    ```queue: queueing delay (๊ฐ€๋ณ€์ )```

      ์ „์†ก์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„

      ๋ผ์šฐํ„ฐ์˜ ๋ณต์žก๋„์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ฒฐ์ •๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

     

    trans: transmission delay (๊ฑฐ์˜ ๊ณ ์ •์  )

      ํŒจํ‚ท์€ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ๋น„ํŠธ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๊ณ , ( L = ํŒจํ‚ท ๊ธธ์ด )

      ๋งํฌ๋Š” ์ดˆ๋‹น n ๋น„ํŠธ์”ฉ๋งŒ ๋ณด๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ( R = ๋งํฌ ์ „์†ก ์†๋„ )

      = L / R

     

    prop: propagation delay

      link์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ๊ธธ์ด ( d )

      ์ „ํŒŒ ์†๋„ ( s ) 

      = d/s

     

    • a = ๋ผ์šฐํ„ฐ๋กœ ํŒจํ‚ท์ด ๋“ค์–ด์˜ค๋Š” ํ‰๊ท  ์†๋„
    • L = ํŒจํ‚ท์˜ ๊ธธ์ด ( ๋น„ํŠธ ๋‹จ์œ„ )
    • R = ๋งํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฝ‘์•„๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ ( ์ดˆ๋‹น n ๋น„ํŠธ ์”ฉ ์ „์†ก ) 

     

    " network  ๋ถ„์•ผ ์—์„œ๋Š” data ๋ฅผ traffic ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ณดํ†ต ํ‘œํ˜„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค "

    ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์œ„ ์ˆ˜์‹์€ `traffic intensity` (ํŠธ๋ž˜ํ”ฝ ๋ฐ€์ง‘๋„) ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

     

    ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด ๋ฐ€์ง‘๋„๊ฐ€ 1์ด ๋˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— queueing delay ๊ฐ€ ์ง€์ˆ˜ํ•จ์ˆ˜ ๊ผด๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

    `1`์ด ๋“ค์–ด์˜ค๋Š” ์†๋„์™€ ๋ฝ‘์•„๋‚ด๋Š” ์†๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ผํ…๋ฐ ์˜์•„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

     

    ๊ต์ˆ˜๋‹˜ ๋ง์”€์œผ๋กœ๋Š” a ๊ฐ€ ํ‰๊ท  ์†๋„์ž„์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

    ํŠน์ • ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์—๋Š” L * a ๊ฐ€ R ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ํด์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

     


     

    Packet loss

    ํŒจํ‚ท์ด output link ์ „์— ๋Œ€๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฒ„ํผ๋Š” ํ•œ์ •๋œ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

     

    ์ด๋ฏธ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์ด ๊ฐ€๋“์ฐฌ ๋ฒ„ํผ์— ๋“ค์–ด์˜ค๋Š” ํŒจํ‚ท์€ ๋ฒ„๋ ค์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

     

    ๋ฒ„๋ ค์ง„ ํŒจํ‚ท์€ ์ด์ „ ๋…ธ๋“œ๋‚˜, source end ์—์„œ ์žฌ์ „์†ก ๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ๋ฌด์‹œ๋œ๋‹ค.

     

    ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ž์›์˜ ๋‚ญ๋น„์™€ ์ „์†ก์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.


     

    Throughput

     

    sender ์—์„œ receiver ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ณด๋‚ด์ง€๋Š” ๋น„ํŠธ์˜ ์ดˆ๋‹น ์ „์†ก ์†๋„

     

    `bottleneck link` ๋ž€?

      end-end throughput ์„ ์ œํ•œํ•˜๋Š” ๋งํฌ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

     

      ์ฆ‰ end-end ๊ฐ„ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ ๋งํฌ์ค‘ ๊ฐ€์žฅ throughput์ด ๋‚ฎ์€ ๋งํฌ๋ฅผ  bottlenek link ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

     


     

    Protocol `layers` and reference models

    ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์กฐ๊ฐ๋“ค๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ์„œ ๋ณต์žกํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

    ์กฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์˜ˆ) hosts, routers, links of various media, applications, protocols, hardware, software

     


     

    Why layering?

    " ๋ ˆ์ด์–ด๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋Š”? "

     

    1. ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋ช…์‹œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋†“์œผ๋ฉด, ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ์กฐ๊ฐ๋“ค์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ์‹๋ณ„์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

    ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ ˆ์ด์–ด๋กœ ๋‚˜๋‰˜์–ด์ง„ ๋ ˆํผ๋Ÿฐ์Šค ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ๊ณ ์•ˆ์ด ์ƒ์˜๋˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

     

    2. ๋ชจ๋“ˆํ™”๋Š” ์œ ์ง€๋ณด์ˆ˜์™€ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์—…๋ฐ์ดํŠธ๋ฅผ ์šฉ์ดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

     


     

    Internet protocol stack

    " 5๊ณ„์ธต์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ ๊ณ„์ธต์€ ๊ฐ์ž์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. "

    " ๊ฐ ๊ณ„์ธต์€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์•„๋ž˜ ๊ณ„์ธต์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค "

     

    application: ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑ, ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ์–ดํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜์„ ๋ณด์กฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. (HTTP, IMAP, SMTP, DNS)

     

    transport: process ๊ฐ„ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ „์†ก์„ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ( TCP, UDP )

     

    network: datagram์„ ์†Œ์Šค์—์„œ ๋ชฉ์ ์ง€๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ธธ์„ ์ฐพ์•„์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ( IP , routing protocols )

     

    link: ์ด์›ƒ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ์š”์†Œ๊ฐ„ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ „์†ก์„ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

    pyhsical : wire ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋น„ํŠธ๋“ค


     

    Encapsulation

     

    application ๊ณ„์ธต ์—์„œ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ message ๋Š” ์•„๋ž˜ ๊ณ„์ธต์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ด๋ ค๊ฐ€๋ฉด์„œ ๊ณ„์ธต๋ณ„๋กœ ํ—ค๋”๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋‚˜์”ฉ ๋ถ™๊ณ , ๊ณ„์ธต๋งˆ๋‹ค message๋ฅผ ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„๋„ ๋‹ค๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

    ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด transport layer ์—์„œ๋Š” segment, network layer ์—์„œ๋Š”  datagram์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

     

    ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ€๋ฉด์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐ ๊ณ„์ธต์—์„œ ๊ณ„์ธต์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ํ—ค๋”๋ฅผ ๋–ผ๋ฉด์„œ ๊ทธ ์•ˆ์˜ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ฝ๊ณ , ์•Œ๋งž๊ฒŒ ์œ„๋กœ ์ „์†กํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋‹ค์Œ ๋…ธ๋“œ๋กœ ์ „์†กํ•ด์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

     

    ๊ณ„์ธต์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‚ด๋ ค๊ฐ€๋ฉด์„œ ํ—ค๋”๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋‚˜์”ฉ ๋ถ™๋Š”๋‹ค

     

    destination ์— ๋„์ฐฉํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ๋Š” ํ—ค๋”๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋‚˜์”ฉ ๋–ผ๋ฉด์„œ application ์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•œ๋‹ค

     

     

    ์ค‘๊ฐ„ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ๋Š” ๋…ธ๋“œ์— ๋งž๋Š” ๊ณ„์ธต๊นŒ์ง€๋งŒ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ€๊ณ  ๋‚ด๋ ค์˜ค๋ฉด์„œ, ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ—ค๋”๋กœ ๊ต์ฒดํ•œ๋‹ค

     

     

     

    ๋!


     

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