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  • Roadmap (2) - Computer Network
    General/๐Ÿ•ธ Network 2021. 1. 20. 12:42
    ๊ฐ•์˜: ์ดํ™”์—ฌ๋Œ€ KOCW ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ
    ๊ต์•ˆ: Computer Networking: A Top Down Approach

     

    ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐ๋˜๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์œ„์ฃผ๋กœ ๋ณต๊ธฐํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

     

    Circuit switching

    physical media ์ค‘ guided media๋กœ ํ†ต์‹ ํ•  ๋•Œ, ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž์›์ด ํ•œ์ •๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

     

    ์ž์› ์˜ˆ์•ฝ ( set up & reserve ) ์‹œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ host๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋งํฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

    ํ•œ host๊ฐ€ ๋…์ ํ•˜๋ฉด OS์—์„œ์˜ starvation ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

     

    ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ž์› ๋ถ„ํ•  ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.


     

    FDM versus TDM

    " ์ž์› ๋ถ„ํ•  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• "

     

    Frequency Division Multiplexing:

    ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ๋Œ€์—ญ์„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋ฅผ ์ž์›์„ ์ ์œ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

     

    Time Division Multiplexing:

    ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ž์›์„ ์ ์œ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

    FDM (์œ„) vs TDM (์•„๋ž˜)

     

    ์ „ํ™” ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์„ธ์…˜์ด ์—ด๋ฆฌ๋ฉด ์—ฐ์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ž์›์„ ์ ์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ข‹์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

     

    ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์—์„œ๋Š” ํ•„์š”ํ•  ๋•Œ๋งŒ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๊ณ ๊ฐ€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ ์œ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ ์ ˆํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.


     

    Aleternative core: Packet Switching

     

    ์ „ํ™”์™€ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์€ ์ž์›์ด ํ•ญ์ƒ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ž ๊น๋งŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์•„์˜ˆ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๋•Œ๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

     

    ๋…์  ์ ์œ ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋งŒํผ ๋‚ญ๋น„ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

     

    ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ํŒจํ‚ท ์Šค์œ„์นญ (Packet Switching) ์ด ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

     

    ํŒจํ‚ท ์Šค์œ„์นญ ๋ฐฉ์‹์—์„œ host๋Š” application-layer์˜ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ ํŒจํ‚ท(packets)์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ž‘์€ ๋‹จ์œ„์˜ chunk๋กœ ์ชผ๊ฐœ์„œ ํ†ต์‹ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

     

    ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ํŒจํ‚ท์ด ๋ณด๋‚ด์งˆ ๋•Œ full link capacity๋กœ ๋ณด๋‚ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ( ๋ณด๋‚ด๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ๋Œ€์—ญํญ์„ ์ „๋ถ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ๋กœ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.)


     

    Packet Switching

    ํŒจํ‚ท ์Šค์œ„์นญ์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ํŠน์ง• : store-and-forward , congestion

     

    1. Circuit switching๊ณผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ์˜ˆ์•ฝ์ด ํ•„์š” ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

      "No call set up" , " No resource reservation "

     

    2. ํ•„์š”ํ•  ๋•Œ๋งŒ ์ž์›์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

     

    3. ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ์ค‘์ด๋ฉด ๋๋‚  ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๊ณ , ์ดํ›„ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ( ๋งํฌ ๋Œ€์—ญํญ ์ „์ฒด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉ)

     

    4. ํŒจํ‚ท์ด๋ผ๋Š” chunk๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์œ 

    = ์ •๋ณด ํ•œ ๋ฉ์–ด๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ํฌ๋ฉด ํ•œ host ๊ฐ€ ์ž์›์„ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์˜ค๋ž˜ ์ ์œ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

     

    5. ํŒจํ‚ท์—๋Š” ๋ชฉ์ ์ง€ ์ฃผ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ด๊ฒจ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค

     

    + ๊ฐ ๋ผ์šฐํ„ฐ๋Š” ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ํŒจํ‚ท ์ „์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๊ธฐ ์ „๊นŒ์ง€ ์ผ๋‹จ ๋ฐ›์•„ ๋†“์•˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€, ๋‹ค ๋ฐ›์œผ๋ฉด ์ดํ›„ ์ฃผ์†Œ๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์‹ฑ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•  ๋งํฌ๋ฅผ ์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ forward ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค = ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ store & forward๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

    " Entire packet must arrive at router before it can be transmitted on next link "

     

    6. ์ž์›์„ reserve ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ๋“ค์–ด์˜ค๋Š” ๋Œ€๋กœ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ํ•ด์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—  Queueing delay, loss ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

     

    ๋” ์—„๋ฐ€ํžˆ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜์ž๋ฉด host์—์„œ ํŒจํ‚ท์„ ๋ณด๋‚ด๋Š” ์†๋„์™€ router๊ฐ€ forward ํ•˜๋Š” ์†๋„์— ๊ดด๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์–ด ๊ทธ๋งŒํผ router์˜ ๋ฒ„ํผ์— ํŒจํ‚ท๋“ค์ด ์Œ“์ด๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋ฒ„ํผ๋Š” ํ•œ์ •๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ overflow ๋˜๋Š” ์ˆœ๊ฐ„ ์ดํ›„ ํŒจํ‚ท๋“ค์€ ๋ฒ„๋ ค์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

     

    ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ Congestion์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

    Packet queueing & loss


     

    Packet switching versus circuit switching

    ํŒจํ‚ท ์Šค์œ„์นญ์€ ์ž์›์„ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๊ณ , call set up ์ด ์—†๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ฐ„ํ—์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ชฐ๋ ค์˜ค๋Š” data๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ์ข‹์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

    " great for `bursty` data - sometimes has data to send, but at other times not "

     

    ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ด Packet switching์ด ๋ฌด์กฐ๊ฑด ์ข‹์€ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

     

    Router buffer overflow ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํŒจํ‚ท์˜ delay์™€ loss ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

     

    ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ๋ณด์™„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด reliable data transfer, conestion control ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ด์Šˆ๋ฅผ ํ”„๋กœํ† ์ฝœ๋กœ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

     

    ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ  packet switching์„ "circuit-like" ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋™์ž‘ํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ…Œํฌ๋‹‰๋“ค์ด ๋“ฑ์žฅํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐฐ์šธ ๊ฒƒ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

     


     

    Internet structure: network of networks

    Internet์€ flat ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

    " Multi-tier hirearchy! "

     

    ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ access network๋“ค์ด ๋ชจ๋‘์—๊ฒŒ ์„œ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋Œ€๋žต N^2 ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜์˜ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งค์šฐ ๋น„ํšจ์œจ์ !!

    "connection each access ISP to each other directly doesn't scale: O(n^2) connections."

     

    ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ผ์šฐํ„ฐ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” globasl ISP์—๋งŒ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด,

    ๋‹ค๋ฅธ access net๋“ค๋„ global ISP ์— ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ชจ๋“  access net๊ณผ ํ†ต์‹ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•œ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋งŒ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

     

    global ISP

     

     

    ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐœ์˜ global ISP ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฒจ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ , global ISP ๊ฐ„ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ ์—ญํ• ์€ IXP (Internet Exchange Point)๊ฐ€ ๋งก๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

     

    ์˜ˆ์™ธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ™์€ tier์˜ ISP ๊ฐ„ peering link๋ฅผ ๋งบ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 

    " ์ฒ˜์Œ์—๋Š” ๋ณดํ†ต ์ž์‹ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ƒ์œ„ ๊ณ„์ธต์œผ๋กœ๋งŒ link ๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐฐ์› ์ง€๋งŒ, settlement- free๋ผ๋Š” ์ด์œ  ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋งบ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค"

    " ์ฆ‰, ์ง์ ‘ ์†ก์ˆ˜์‹ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์œ„ ๊ณ„์ธต์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ํ†ต์‹ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค cost๋ฅผ ์ค„์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค "

     

    ๋˜ํ•œ global ISP ๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ง€์—ญ์„ cover ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, global ISP์™€  access net ์‚ฌ์ด์— regional ISP ๊ฐ€ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

    ์ด Regional ISP ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋ณ„๋กœ ๊ณ„์ธต์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

     

    IXP & regional ISP

     

     

    ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ํฐ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด content provider network (e.g., Google, Microsft )๋ผ๋Š” ๋…์ž์ ์ธ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์—ฌ

    ์†Œ๋น„์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ „๋‹ฌ๊ณผ ISP ์ด์šฉ ๋น„์šฉ ๋ถ€๋‹ด์„ ์ค„์ด๋ ค๊ณ  ์‹œ๋„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

    " AWS seoul Region ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์˜ˆ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์„๊นŒ์š”? "

     

    Content provider network

     

     

    ์ตœ์ข…์ ์œผ๋กœ ์•„๋ž˜ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ "Multi-tire hierarchy"๊ฐ€ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค!

     

     

     "tier-1" commercial ISPs (e.g., Spring, AT&T, NTT) : ๊ตญ์ œ์  & ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์  ์ปค๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ISP๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

     

    content provider networks (e.g., Google, Facebook) : private network์œผ๋กœ  ๋ณดํ†ต IXP ๋‚˜ lower-tier ISP๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ access net์— ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ ‘๊ทผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, Tier 1 ISP์ด๋‚˜, regional ISPs ๋“ค์„ ์ž์ฃผ bypassing ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

     

    ์ฐธ๊ณ  ์ž๋ฃŒ: Tier 1 ISP list

     

     

     

    ๋!


     

    ๋Œ“๊ธ€

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